Wealth redistribution is a method of spreading economic prosperity through taxation or via charity from wealthier individuals to the less wealthy. The wealth is then distributed through physical property or public services – like schools or hospitals (Business Dictionary). This sounds great – in theory. However, in reality, it doesn’t always work out like this. Recently, we had a debate on the effectiveness of redistribution, and we analysed the effect of redistributive policies on economic inequality and on poverty – which were closely related. I argued that attempts at wealth redistribution spread poverty instead of wealth (the affirmative side). While both sides agreed redistributive policies were necessary, we differed on the efficacy of current attempts. The against side argued that previous attempts at distributing the wealth were mostly successful, and the pro side argued that they were not, as there were stakeholders blocking the attempts. For example; in trickle-down economics, there are massive tax cuts on wealthy companies, which will invest and provide long term benefits to the country. These benefits will then trickle down to lower-income families. This sounds sensible if you believe growth is driven by businesses – however, in most cases, trickle-down economics is a way to block redistributive policies and to let the overly wealthy stay that way.
A central issue was the effectiveness of previous attempts at redistribution. One global perspective comes from Thomas Sowell, an esteemed American economist, who advocates for the benefits of free-market policies and discusses the “fallacy of redistribution” in addressing poverty (Sowell, 2012). Sowell frequently uses the communist government of the USSR to show that redistributive policies take away the incentive to work and decrease work productivity. For example; farmers in the USSR spent less effort farming when the government would be taking a large portion of their harvests (Sowell, 2012). Sowell’s central insight into the consequences of redistributive policies is that “You can only confiscate the wealth that exists at a given moment. You cannot confiscate future wealth – and that future wealth is less likely to be produced [or earned] when people see that it is going to be confiscated” (Sowell, 2012). Sowell’s is a very significant opinion, as he is very-well known and respected. Thus, he has had a stronger impact on the wealth redistribution debate than many other stakeholders.
Sowell does not provide a solution; instead referring to the old proverb give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day. Teach him how to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. Sowell argues that redistributionists give the man a fish, thus leaving him dependent on the government for more fish in the future (Sowell, 2012). Again, Sowell mentions the incentive to work. Mark Perry notes that in addition to Sowell’s belief that redistributive policies reduce incentives, the government ends up with lower net tax revenues (Perry, 2018). Sowell explains clearly in his book “Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economy” that there is no reason to expect economic equality in the first place. He said “There are no factors I’ve been able to find that lead to equality. Demographics means that you cannot have income equality. For example, Japanese-Americans are more than 20 years older on average than Puerto Ricans in the US. A 40-year-old man, for example, has more than 10x as much job experience as a 20-year-old man, if you start counting from the age of 18 as adulthood. So there was never a reason to expect equality.” (Sowell, 2012).
Several local perspectives on redistribution can be found in Oxfam. Oxfam’s 2017 Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index measures 152 countries on their policies to address inequality (Ehrenfreund, 2017). South Africa ranks first with progressive tax laws in sub-Saharan Africa. (Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2017). In fact, Sipho Mthathi, director of Oxfam South Africa, said “[South Africa] is one of the most efficient tax systems in the world.” However, despite ranking first in the tax redistribution area, South Africa slides to 31 in the overall measure of addressing inequality in 2018. This suggests that the redistributive policies in place are not actually effective in reducing economic inequality and thus alleviating poverty. It makes sense that Mthathi’s perspective would align with Oxfam’s – as an executive director of one of their branches. Economic “inequality is the sign of a broken economy, from global to local, and lack of will from the government to change the status quo,” said Mthathi (Omarjee, 2017). Clearly, she would support progressive taxation. Oxfam’s beliefs come through clearly in their famous 2018 report Reward Work, Not Wealth frequently noting that “free public services” was one of their worldwide goals for improvement. Oxfam as an organization is strongly in favour of progressive taxation – stating that a country should “use tax to reduce extreme wealth” (Reward Work, Not Wealth, 2018). Rosa Pavanelli, the General Secretary of Public Services International said that “Urgent, radical action is needed to fund universal public services, decent work and redistribute wealth. The alternative is the continued rise of populism, racism and fear mongering of the far right.” (Reward Work, Not Wealth, 2018). Evidence from Scandinavia where low poverty rates accompany redistributive policies seem to support Pavanelli’s perspective and suggest that these are achievable solutions that are likely to be put in place.
Singaporean government holds another local perspective. Singapore has both the third largest GDP per capita in the world (Murray, 2017) and the third highest levels of income inequality (Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index, 2017). This correlation is seen in other wealthy countries too. The 2015 OECD report revealed that 73% of Singapore’s wealth is owned by the wealthiest 20% (Koh, 2016). Singapore is addressing the inequality through educational reforms – including “equalising resources, eliminating streaming, increasing curricular flexibility and minimising social segregation … to foster the innovation and entrepreneurship required for post-industrial economic growth,” (Lim 2018).
However, many Singaporeans believe that the educational reforms are not enough, and look to Nordic countries such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway for inspiration. Linda Lim and Pang Eng Fong, two journalists at Channel News Asia say “We need to look outside the education system for policies that do work to reduce income and wealth disparities. They include higher tax rates on high income earners, levies on capital gains, estates and inheritance, and a stronger social safety net”. High-income Scandinavian countries have progressive tax systems in place – including labour market policies – and social protection budgets to reduce inequality (Lim, 2018). High taxation allows all citizens to benefit – with access to healthcare, education, insurance and retirement pensions. Historically, Singapore’s approach has been more aligned with Sowell’s perspective on the need to retain work incentives, with the fundamental ideology of a meritocracy.
Despite Singapore’s commitment to finding a solution to inequality through education, Oxfam rated them last in the world in progressive taxation in their Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index. However, it’s not clear cut. There is also evidence to suggest when one measures income progressivity by richest Americans’ tax burden, the taxation becomes increasingly progressive as income inequality increases (Albright, 2012). Another perspective comes from Robert Nozick, in his 1974 influential book Anarchy, State and Utopia where he argues that redistribution is destined to fail. Assuming that people are free to make their own decisions about spending and investing, Nozick argues that wealth will automatically flow up the wealth ladder (Nozick, 1974). There seems to be multiple arguments with contradicting evidence. However – they all use a different country as a case study. Clearly, for different countries, different policies work. Context is crucial.
Initially, I disagreed with the side I was arguing for. Having grown up in a left-wing family as an atheist and going to a humanist school, redistribution seemed to be a ethical way to provide equal opportunities to the less fortunate. My idealistic – and in hindsight, rather naive – stance was that redistribution always spread wealth rather than poverty. Just the week before in class, we had looked at the effect of income disparity on the economy and wellbeing of a country – all the data suggesting that a more equal society is a wealthier, happier one (Doucouliagos, 2017). My outlook on the aims of redistribution has not changed. I am even more steadfast in believing that wealth redistribution should alleviate poverty. However, after extensive research into the topic, reading all available interviews with Thomas Sowell and on South Africa’s policies, I noticed flaws in the current methods of redistribution. Arguments for and against redistribution both seemed reasonable, and I can appreciate both sides. I therefore believe my research was a substantial contribution to the group and so during the debate, we were able to acknowledge and counter opposing arguments.
In an ideal world, wealth redistribution would benefit everyone and create an equal society. A pragmatic approach for reducing inequality has yet to be discovered, but it would likely involve a balance of redistributive policies and human capital development. It is very likely that we can create a system which fulfills the aims of redistribution and in which the people take precedence.
Bibliography:
Adams, Samuel. The Writings of Samuel Adams: 1764-1769. 2000, books.google.com.sg/books?id=4IoKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA137&redir_esc=y. Accessed 17 Nov. 2018.
Albright, Logan. “The Failure of Income Redistribution.” Policy Interns, Policy Interns, 8 May 2012, policyinterns.com/2012/05/08/the-failure-of-income-redistribution/. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Amadeo, Kimberly. “Does Trickle-Down Economics Work?” The Balance Small Business, The Balance, 29 Oct. 2018, www.thebalance.com/trickle-down-economics-theory-effect-does-it-work-3305572. Accessed 17 Dec. 2018.
Baerenz, Fred. “Effects of Income Redistribution.” AOG Wealth Management, Inc., 25 Apr. 2017, www.aogwealth.com/effects-of-income-redistribution/. Accessed 12 Nov. 2018.
BOURGUIGNON, FRANÇOIS. “Spreading the Wealth.” FINANCE & DEVELOPMENT, IMF, Mar. 2018, www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2018/03/bourguignon.htm. Accessed 12 Nov. 2018.
Brueck, Hilary. “A Scientist Who Predicted a Grim ‘Hothouse Earth’ Says the World’s Billionaires Need to Give up Their Money to Save Us.” Business Insider Singapore, 19 Oct. 2018, www.businessinsider.sg/climate-change-plan-billionaires-share-money-2018-10/?r=US&IR=T. Accessed 17 Nov. 2018.
“Causes of Poverty and Inequality.” EAPN, www.eapn.eu/what-is-poverty/causes-of-poverty-and-inequality/.
Collins, Chuck. “We Should Take a Lesson from the Nordic Countries on Inequality.” Institute for Policy Studies, 18 July 2016, ips-dc.org/take-lesson-nordic-countries-inequality/. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Dhamani, Ishita. “Income Inequality in Singapore: Causes, Consequences and Policy Options.” ResearchGate, Jan. 2008, file:///Users/megansnoad/Downloads/Income_Inequality_in_Singapore_Causes_Consequences%20(1).pdf.
- Ostry, Jonathan. “Can Redistributing Wealth Also Be Good For Growth?”. World Economic Forum, 2015, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/can-redistributing-wealth-also-be-good-for-growth/. Accessed 8 Dec 2018.
Dorfman, Jeffrey. “Income Redistribution Does Not Boost Economic Growth.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 08 May 2016. Web. 21 Nov. 2018.
Doucouliagos, Chris. “Don’t Listen to the Rich: Inequality Is Bad for Everyone.” The Conversation, The Conversation, 7 Aug. 2017, theconversation.com/dont-listen-to-the-rich-inequality-is-bad-for-everyone-81952. Accessed 17 Dec. 2018.
Ehrenfreund, Max. “The Country with the World’s Most Progressive Taxes Has the World’s Highest Income Inequality.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 16 July 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/16/what-american-liberals-could-learn-from-south-africa/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.2301e2ae6519. Accessed 10 Dec. 2018.
Frisby, Dominic. “Wealth Inequality Is Soaring – Here Are the 10 Reasons Why It’s Happening | Dominic Frisby.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 12 Apr. 2018, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/12/wealth-inequality-reasons-richest-global-gap. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Goldring, Mark. “Global Wealth Increased by £7.3 Trillion – but Most of It Went to the 1 per Cent.” New Statesman, 22 Jan. 2018, www.newstatesman.com/world/2018/01/global-wealth-increased-73-trillion-most-it-went-1-cent. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
“Government’s Efforts to Address Socio-Economic Inequality.” Ministry of Finance, Singapore, www.mof.gov.sg/Newsroom/Parliamentary-Replies/Government-s-Efforts-to-Address-Socio-Economic-Inequality. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Hawkins, Marcus. “10 Reasons Obamacare Is a Failure.” Thoughtco., Dotdash, 8 Sept. 2017, www.thoughtco.com/reasons-obamacare-is-and-will-continue-to-be-a-failure-3303662. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.
Henry, Jim. “Thomas Sowell on the Root Causes of Income Inequality.” Poverty, WORLD, 30 Dec. 2014, world.wng.org/2014/12/thomas_sowell_on_the_root_causes_of_income_inequality. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Heskett, James. “How Should Wealth Be Redistributed?”. HBS Working Knowledge, 2014, https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/how-should-wealth-be-redistributed. Accessed 8 Dec 2018.
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. “What the World Can Learn about Equality from the Nordic Model.” The Conversation, 18 Sept. 2018, theconversation.com/what-the-world-can-learn-about-equality-from-the-nordic-model-99797. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Hope, Katie. “‘World’s Richest 1% Get 82% Of The Wealth'”. BBC News, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42745853. Accessed 8 Dec 2018.
“How Does Income Inequality Affect Our Lives?” OECD Instance, OECD, 15 Dec. 2015, www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/income-inequality/how-does-income-inequality-affect-our-lives_9789264246010-6-en.
“Income Redistribution.” Conservapedia, 20 Oct. 2018, www.conservapedia.com/Income_redistribution. Accessed 12 Nov. 2018.
“Inequality | Poverty Eradication.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/development/desa/socialperspectiveondevelopment/issues/inequality.html.
Jones, Brad. “Research Shows Inequality Is Solved With Wealth Redistribution, Not Tax Cuts.” Futurism, Futurism, 20 Oct. 2017, futurism.com/research-shows-inequality-is-solved-with-wealth-redistribution-not-tax-cuts. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.
Jericho, Greg. “It’s Time To Focus On The Redistribution Of Wealth To Poorer Workers | Greg Jericho”. The Guardian, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/business/grogonomics/2016/nov/29/its-time-to-focus-on-the-redistribution-of-wealth-to-poorer-workers. Accessed 8 Dec 2018.
Koh, Steffi. “8 Things You Should Know about Singapore’s Wealth Gap.” Channel NewsAsia, 10 Mar. 2017, www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/8-things-you-should-know-about-singapore-s-wealth-gap-7643944.
Koukoulas, Stephen. “Economic Growth More Likely When Wealth Distributed To Poor Instead Of Rich”. The Guardian, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jun/04/better-economic-growth-when-wealth-distributed-to-poor-instead-of-rich. Accessed 8 Dec 2018.
Kristof, Nicholas. Equality, a True Soul Food. The New York Times, 1 Jan. 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/01/02/opinion/02kristof.html?_r=1. Accessed 21 Nov. 2018.
Lee, Dwight R. “Redistribution.” Mill, On Liberty, Chapter 1 | Library of Economics and Liberty, 0AD, www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Redistribution.html. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Lee, Dwight R. “Redistribution of Income.” Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, Library of Economics and Liberty, www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/RedistributionofIncome.html. Accessed 12 Nov. 2018.
Lilly, Scott. “Is Redistributing Wealth a Bad Thing? You Betcha!” Center for American Progress. N.p., 21 Oct. 2008. Web. 21 Nov. 2018.
Lim, Linda, and Pang Eng Fong. “Commentary: Can Education Fix Inequality in Singapore? If Not, What Can?” Channel NewsAsia, 2 June 2018, www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/can-education-fix-growing-inequality-in-singapore-10308796. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Maney, Dave. “Why Cherry-Picked Facts Don’t Tell The Whole Ultra-Wealthy Story.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 06 Mar. 2013. Web. 21 Nov. 2018.
Matthews, Dylan. “Ten Ways to Reduce Inequality without Raising Tax Rates.” The Washington Post. WP Company, 06 Dec. 2012. Web. 21 Nov. 2018.
Meredith, Sam. “World’s Richest 1% Get 82% of the Wealth, Oxfam Says.” CNBC, 22 Jan. 2018, www.cnbc.com/2018/01/22/wef-18-oxfam-says-worlds-richest-1-percent-get-82-percent-of-the-wealth.html. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Murray, Doug. “The 20 Richest Countries in the World Right Now Might Surprise You.” Slice.ca, SLICE, 27 Apr. 2018, www.slice.ca/money/photos/richest-country-in-the-world/. Accessed 17 Dec. 2018.
Neate, Rupert. “Richest 1% Own Half the World’s Wealth, Study Finds.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 14 Nov. 2017, www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/nov/14/worlds-richest-wealth-credit-suisse. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Omarjee, Lameez. “These 3 Billionaires at Top of SA’s Inequality Shocker.” Fin24, 16 Jan. 2017, www.fin24.com/Economy/these-3-billionaires-at-top-of-sas-inequality-shocker-20170116. Accessed 16 Dec. 2018.
On the Issues: Income and Wealth Inequality. (2018). Bernie Sanders. Retrieved 13 November 2018, from https://berniesanders.com/issues/income-and-wealth-inequality/
Paul, Kari. “America’s 1% Hasn’t Controlled This Much Wealth since before the Great Depression.” MarketWatch. MarketWatch, 05 Aug. 2018. Web. 21 Nov. 2018
Perry, Mark J. “Classic Thomas Sowell from 2012 on the Fallacy of Redistribution, Some Lessons for Today’s Democratic Socialists.” AEI, AEIdeas, 27 Aug. 2018, http://www.aei.org/publication/classic-thomas-sowell-from-2012-on-the-fallacy-of-redistribution-some-lessons-for-todays-democratic-socialist/ Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Poh, Joanne. “3 Ways Income Inequality Can Be Reduced in Singapore.” MoneySmart.sg, 29 Mar. 2018, blog.moneysmart.sg/opinion/3-ways-income-inequality-can-reduced-singapore/. Accessed 17 Dec. 2018.
“Progressive Tax.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 1 Dec. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax. Accessed 17 Dec. 2018.
“Progress Key to Inequality Fight, Says Tharman.” The Straits Times, 26 Oct. 2018, www.straitstimes.com/politics/progress-key-to-inequality-fight-says-tharman. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Puella, Phillip. “U.N. Should Encourage Redistribution Of Wealth, Pope Says”. Reuters, 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-un-idUSKBN0DP0WU20140509. Accessed 8 Dec 2018.
Quealy, KEVIN, and Margot Sanger-Katz. “Obama’s Health Law: Who Was Helped Most.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 29 Oct. 2014, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/10/29/upshot/obamacare-who-was-helped-most.html?module=inline. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.
Reeves, Richard V. “What’s Really Happening to Wealth Inequality?” Brookings.edu, The Brookings Institution, 5 Feb. 2015, www.brookings.edu/opinions/whats-really-happening-to-wealth-inequality/. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
“Redistribution Of Income And Wealth”. En.Wikipedia.Org, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth. Accessed 8 Dec 2018.
“Redistributing Wealth A Better Way”. The Straits Times, 2018, https://www.straitstimes.com/forum/letters-in-print/redistributing-wealth-a-better-way. Accessed 8 Dec 2018.
“Reward Work, Not Wealth”. Oxfamilibrary.Openrepository.Com, 2018, https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620396/bp-reward-work-not-wealth-220118-summ-en.pdf;jsessionid=1357899A0C18D6F047AC192C7BB09EEF?sequence=2. Accessed 8 Dec 2018.
“Robin Hood Effect.” Investopedia, 23 May 2018, www.investopedia.com/terms/r/robin-hood-effect.asp. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Sanger-Katz, Margot. “Grading Obamacare: Successes, Failures and ‘Incompletes’.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 5 Feb. 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/02/05/upshot/grading-obamacare-successes-failures-and-incompletes.html. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.
Scanlon, T M. “The 4 Biggest Reasons Why Inequality Is Bad for Society.” Ideas.ted.com, Ideas.ted.com, 3 June 2014, ideas.ted.com/the-4-biggest-reasons-why-inequality-is-bad-for-society/. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
Schrager, Allison. “Is Income Inequality Always A Bad Thing?”. Quartz, 2016, https://qz.com/836927/is-income-inequality-always-a-bad-thing/. Accessed 8 Dec 2018.
Scott, Dylan. “Why Obamacare Can Fail and Succeed at the Same Time.” Vox.com, Vox Media, 6 Apr. 2018, www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/4/6/17207654/obamacare-fail-succeed-same-time. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018.
Stone, Chad, et al. “A Guide to Statistics on Historical Trends in Income Inequality.” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 29 Aug. 2018, www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/a-guide-to-statistics-on-historical-trends-in-income-inequality. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
THE COMMITMENT TO REDUCING INEQUALITY INDEX. DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INTERNATIONAL AND OXFAM RESEARCH REPORT , 2017, THE COMMITMENT TO REDUCING INEQUALITY INDEX, d1tn3vj7xz9fdh.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/file_attachments/rr-commitment-reduce-inequality-index-170717-summ-en.pdf. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
The Richest 1% of Families Controlled a Record-high 38.6% of the Country’s Wealth in 2016. “Record Inequality: The Top 1% Controls 38.6% of America’s Wealth.” CNNMoney. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2018.
“The Wealth of the Top 1% May Have Peaked.” The Economist, The Economist Newspaper, 25 Oct. 2018, www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2018/10/25/the-wealth-of-the-top-1-may-have-peaked.
Thoma, M. (2015). Income Redistribution: The Key to Economic Growth?. The Fiscal Times. Retrieved 13 November 2018, from https://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Columns/2011/01/04/Redistribute-Income-to-Grow-Economy
Truitt, Tegan. “Wealth Redistribution Is Not Economic Justice | Tegan Truitt.” FEE, Foundation for Economic Education, 21 Aug. 2017, fee.org/articles/wealth-redistribution-is-not-economic-justice/. Accessed 12 Nov. 2018.
“What Is the Best Way to Redistribute Income?” The Economist, The Economist Newspaper, 16 July 2016, www.economist.com/free-exchange/2016/07/16/what-is-the-best-way-to-redistribute-income. Accessed 12 Nov. 2018.
“What Is Redistribution of Wealth? Definition and Meaning.” BusinessDictionary.com, www.businessdictionary.com/definition/redistribution-of-wealth.html. Accessed 15 Dec. 2018.
“Why Do Some People Believe That the Redistribution of Wealth Is Wrong?” Quora, Quora, 19AD, www.quora.com/Why-do-some-people-believe-that-the-redistribution-of-wealth-is-wrong. Accessed 12 Nov. 2018.
“Why Societies Redistribute Wealth.” UNCW Forensic Anthropology, people.uncw.edu/pricej/teaching/socialchange/Why%20Societies%20Redistribute%20Wealth.htm. Accessed 12 Nov. 2018.
Williams, Délice. “What Are the Causes of Poverty?” The Borgen Project, 10 Jan. 2018, borgenproject.org/what-causes-global-poverty/.
Woodhill, Louis. “Rising Wealth Inequality Is Bad, But Liberal ‘Solutions’ Are Much Worse.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 9 Oct. 2013, www.forbes.com/sites/louiswoodhill/2013/10/09/rising-wealth-inequality-is-bad-but-liberal-solutions-are-much-worse/#19519692338f. Accessed 8 Dec. 2018.
‘World’s richest 1% get 82% of the wealth’. (2018). BBC News. Retrieved 13 November 2018, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42745853
Zubia, A., & Staff, S. (2014). Fighting Poverty: Why Redistributing Wealth Doesn’t Work … and Four Things That Do – Summit Ministries. Summit Ministries. Retrieved 13 November 2018, from https://www.summit.org/resources/articles/essays/fighting-poverty-why-redistributing-wealth-doesnt-work/
