1. Adaptation -> There is an interesting history of the concept of adaptation before Darwin’s research was brought about. In natural theology, adaption was “interpreted as the work of a deity and as evidence for the existence of God.” Several people had certain views of adaptation that “shadowed” others. Leibniz, a German mathematician, had believed that God had introduced “the best of all possible worlds.” However, Charles Darwin had falsified this and emphasised the “flaws and limitations” which existed in the world of different organisms.
2. Animal Echolocation -> The term of echolocation was first invented by a zoologist named Donald Griffin, who worked to demonstrate this concept with bats in 1938. Griffin had pointed out that an Italian scientist, Spallanzani, had performed a series of experiments that showed that “when bats fly at night, they rely on some sense besides vision.” Later on, a Swiss physician, Jurine, repeated the experiments done by Spallanzani, and concluded that the other sense that bats used at night was hearing. The production of scientific knowledge in this case was done by the process of repetition as other scientists build upon past research done by others in order to prove this concept.

“Adaptation.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Aug. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation#History.

“Animal Echolocation.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 July 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation#Early_research.